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TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE

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Have dan Has keduanya bisa digunakan untuk menunjukkan kepemilikan dan penting dalam membuat kalimat perfect tense. Bentuk lampau dari “have” dan “has” adalah sama yaitu “Had“.
Dalam kalimat present tense dan present perfect tense kita menggunakan has untuk orang ke-tiga tunggal:

• “He has a pet dog.”
• “She has a boyfriend.”
• “It has rained all day” (present perfect)
• “Susan has your pen.”
• “The car has a flat tyre.”

“You” dan “I” menggunakan have:

• “You have a nice apartment.”
• “I have a problem.”

Kata benda jamak menggunakan have:

• “Dogs have better personalities than cats.”
• “My shoes have holes on them.”

Kata benda tunggal dan kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung (uncountable) menggunakan has:

• “The traffic has made me late.”
• “Which shop has the best clothes.”

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Past Perfect digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua waktu lampau: sebuah waktu lampau sebelumnya dengan waktu lampau setelahnya. Dalam praktiknya present perfect digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi sebelum waktu lampau tertentu. Contoh:
- When I arrived, the plane had left. – I arrived (waktu lampau), the plane left (waktu lampau sebelumnya)
- Before I went to Canada, I hadn’t been abroad. – I went to Canada (waktu lampau), and before that time I never went abroad (waktu lampau sebelumnya).
Bentuk
Past perfect dibentuk dengan had dan past participle (verb 3). Contoh:

• had eaten
• She had played
• They had flown

dan seterusnya.
Kegunaan
Seperti disebutkan Past Perfect menghubungkan dua waktu lampau: sebuah situasi lampau dan situasi lampau lain sebelumnya. Ada beberapa kaidah yang perlu diperhatikan dan berikut beberapa contoh untuk membantu anda melihat bagaimana penggunaannya.

• I wasn’t busy yesterday. I had already finished my work. I wasn’t busy pada satu waktu di masa lampau, karena sebelumnya I had finished my work.
• I ate a small lunch, because I’d already eaten a big breakfast. I ate lunch pada satu waktu di masa lampau, dan I ate breakfast pada waktu lampau sebelumnya.
• When I arrived, the concert had just started. I arrived di masa lampau, dan the concert started beberapa waktu sebelumnya.

Past Perfect – Present Perfect
Present Perfect menghubungkan waktu lampau dan waktu sekarang, contoh:

• I haven’t eaten today, so I want some food.

Past Perfect menghubungkan dua waktu lampau, Contoh:

• I hadn’t eaten yesterday, so I wanted some food.

Begitu juga:

• We don’t need an umbrella because the rain has stopped. (Present Perfect)
• We didn’t need an umbrella, because the rain had stopped. (Past Perfect)

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- By tomorrow / 8 o’clock
- This year / month / week
- Next year / month / week
Bentuk
Subjek + will + have + been + Verb+ing. Contoh:

• We will have been driving 6 hours by the time we get home.
  In the summer Mike will have been trying to find a new job for five months.
• Jane will be very tired when she comes home, because she will have been flying over 24 hours.
• My father and I will have been breeding sheep for 20 years tomorrow.
• By the year 2020, linguists will have been studying and defining the Indo-European language family for more than 200 years.

Catatan: Jika durasi sebuah aktivitas (sejak April, selama 3 jam) tidak diketahui maka Future Continuous harus digunakan ketimbang bentuk perfect.

Untuk bentuk negatif kita tambahkan not.

• She won’t have been writing the book for four months by the end of October.

Kalimat-kalimat negatif kedengarannya tidak natural. Kemungkinan karena jawaban terhadap sebuah pertanyaan seperti “Will she have been teaching for 30 years this year?” cukup “No, I don’t think so”.
Bentuk negatif memiliki pola sebagai berikut:
Will + subjek + have + been + verb+ing. Contoh:

• Will he have been writing the composition for a month by the end of February?

Pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang dimulai dengan “how long” lebih umum:

• How long will you have been learning German this year?
• How long will you have been trying to get your driving license this week? I hope you’ll finally make it!

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