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Active and Passive Voice


ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Transitive verb has two voice (grammatical variety) active and passive.
1.)    Active Voice
People, animals or objects indicated by the subject is said to do something on something else.
Example:   Herlyn killed a chicken.

2.)    Passive Voice
People, animals or objects indicated by the subject is said to suffer from something to something else.
Example:  A chicken was killed by Herlyn.
The pattern for the passive voice:
TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE

a.)    intransitive verb is not used in the passive voice, except when the verb is used   
Cognate object in the active form:

- She sing a fine song. (Active)
- A fine song was sung by her sing. (Passive)

b.) If the sentence was changed from active to passive form, the object to be the subject of active verbs to passive verbs.
      The object to active verb
       - Linda can make tarts.
 
Subject to the passive verb
      - Tarts can be made by Linda.

c) Retained objects (objects that still used / maintained in the passive)
Two objects in the active sentence, when converted into the passive voice, there is still an object is maintained, this object is called Retained object.

1. Indirect object of the verb is active: for example:
          Active: We gave him a prize    
          Passive: A prize was given him by us.

2. Direct objects of active verbs such as:
         We gave him a prize                 
         He was given a prize by us


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Penggunaan Have dan Has

Have dan Has keduanya bisa digunakan untuk menunjukkan kepemilikan dan penting dalam membuat kalimat perfect tense. Bentuk lampau dari “have” dan “has” adalah sama yaitu “Had“.
Dalam kalimat present tense dan present perfect tense kita menggunakan has untuk orang ke-tiga tunggal:

  • “He has a pet dog.”
  • “She has a boyfriend.”
  • “It has rained all day” (present perfect)
  • “Susan has your pen.”
  • “The car has a flat tyre.”
“You” dan “I” menggunakan have:
  • You have a nice apartment.”
  • “I have a problem.”
Kata benda jamak menggunakan have:
  • “Dogs have better personalities than cats.”
  • “My shoes have holes on them.”
Kata benda tunggal dan kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung (uncountable) menggunakan has:
  • “The traffic has made me late.”
  • “Which shop has the best clothes.”

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Grammar - Numbers (bilangan bahasa Inggris)

Secara umum bilangan dalam bahasa Inggris dibedakan atas dua yaitu bilangan biasa (cardinal numbers) dan bilangan bertingkat (ordinal numbers).

Cardinal numbers (bilangan biasa)

Daftar bilangan biasa dari 1 sampai 1.000.000
1 one 11 eleven 21 twenty-one
2 two 12 twelve 22 twenty-two
3 three 13 thirteen 23 twenty-three
4 four 14 fourteen 24 twenty-four
5 five 15 fifteen 25 twenty-five
6 six 16 sixteen 26 twenty-six
7 seven 17 seventeen 27 twenty-seven
8 eight 18 eighteen 100 a/one hundred
9 nine 19 nineteen 1,000 a/one thousand
10 ten 20 twenty 1,000,000 a/one million

Pemisahan antara ratusan dan puluhan
Ratusan dan puluhan biasanya dipisahkan dengan “and” (dalam bahasa Inggris Amerika “and” tidak diperlukan).
110 – one hundred and ten
1,250 – one thousand, two hundred and fifty
2,001 – two thousand and one
Ratusan
Gunakan 100 selalu dengan “a” atau “one”
100 – a hundred / one hundred
“a” hanya ditempatkan di awal sebuah bilangan
100 – a hundred / one hundred
2,100 – two thousand, one hundred
Ribuan dan Jutaan
Gunakan 1.000 dan 1.000.000 selalu dengan “a” atau “one”.
1,000 – a thousand / one thousand
201,000 – two hundred and one thousand
Gunakan koma sebagai pemisah.
57,458,302
Tunggal atau Jamak
Bilangan biasanya dituliskan dalam bentuk tunggal.
two hundred Euros
several thousand light years
Bentuk jamak hanya digunakan dengan dozen, hundred, thousand, million, billion, jika tidak dimodifikasi oleh bilangan atau ungkapan lain (seperti a few / several).
hundreds of Euros
thousands of light years

Ordinal numbers (bilangan bertingkat)

Daftar bilangan bertingkat dari 1 sampai 1.000.000
1st first 11th eleventh 21st twenty-first
2nd second 12th twelfth 22nd twenty-second
3rd third 13th thirteenth 23rd twenty-third
4th fourth 14th fourteenth 24th twenty-fourth
5th fifth 15th fifteenth 25th twenty-fifth
6th sixth 16th sixteenth 26th twenty-sixth
7th seventh 17th seventeenth 27th twenty-seventh
8th eighth 18th eighteenth 100th one hundredth
9th ninth 19th nineteenth 1,000th one thousandth
10th tenth 20th twentieth 1,000,000th one millionth
Penulisan bilangan bertingkat
Cukup tambahkan th pada bilangan biasa
  • four – fourth
  • eleven – eleventh
Pengecualian:
  • two – second
  • three – third
  • five – fifth
  • eight – eighth
  • nine – ninth
  • twelve – twelfth
Pada bilangan bertingkat yang kompleks, perhatikan bahwa hanya angka terakhir yang dituliskan sebagai bilangan bertingkat:
  • 421st = four hundred and twenty-first
  • 5,111th = five thousand, one hundred and eleventh
Penulisan dalam angka
Jika dituliskan sebagai angka, dua huruf terakhir dari kata yang ditulis ditambahkan ke bilangan bertingkat:
  • first = 1st
  • second = 2nd
  • third = 3rd
  • fourth = 4th
  • twenty-sixth = 26th
  • hundred and first = 101st
Penulisan dalam Titel
Dalam nama raja-raja dan ratu, bilangan bertingkat dituliskan dalam angka Romawi. Dalam bahasa Inggris lisan, the digunakan sebelum bilangan bertingkat.
  • Charles II – Charles the Second
  • Edward VI – Edward the Sixth
  • Henry VIII – Henry the Eighth
Pengucapan nomor telpon
Masing-masing angka disebutkan terpisah.
  • 24 – two four
Angka 0 disebut oh.
  • 105 – one oh five
Berhenti setelah gabungan 3 atau 4 angka (gabungan terakhir).
  • 376 4705 – three seven six, four seven oh five
Jika dua angka yang berdekatan sama, dalam bahasa Inggris Britis kita biasanya menggunakan kata double (dalam bahasa Inggris Amerika kita cukup mengucapkannya dua kali)
  • 376 4775 – Inggris British: three seven six, four double seven five
  • 376 4775 – Inggris Amerika: three seven six, four seven seven five
Macam-macam penyebutan angka ‘0?
nought - secara umum (bahasa Inggris British)
zero - secara umum (bahasa Inggris Amerika)
oh - apabila masing-masing angka disebutkan secara terpisah (misal: dalam nomor telpon, rekening, dll.)
nil - skor permainan, misal: sepakbola (Inggris British)
love - dalam olahraga tennis dan sejeninsya. (dari bahasa Perancis l’oeuf (telur) karena bentuk angka 0 yang mirip telur)

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